Synthetic biologist Tom knight akati, "Zana remakore rechi21 richava zana remakore einjiniya biology."Ndiye mumwe wevakatanga synthetic biology uye mumwe wevashanu vavambi veGinkgo Bioworks, kambani ine nyeredzi mukugadzira biology.Iyo kambani yakanyorwa paNew York Stock Exchange musi waGunyana 18, uye kukosha kwayo kwakasvika US$15 bhiriyoni.
Zvido zvekutsvagisa zvaTom Knight zvakachinja kubva komputa kuenda kubiology.Kubva panguva yechikoro chesekondari, akashandisa zororo rezhizha kuti adzidze kombiyuta uye purogiramu paMIT, uyezve akapedza dhigirii uye girajuweta paMIT.
Tom Knight Achiona kuti Mutemo waMoore wakagara wataura miganhu yekushandiswa kwevanhu kwemaatomu esilicon, akafunga nezvezvinhu zvipenyu."Tinoda nzira yakasiyana yekuisa maatomu panzvimbo yakarurama ... Chii chinonyanya kuoma chemakemikari? Ndiyo biochemistry. Ndinofungidzira kuti iwe unogona kushandisa biomolecules, zvakadai semapuroteni, anogona kuzvibatanidza uye kuungana mukati mehutano hwaunoda. crystallization."
Kushandisa huinjiniya kuwanda uye kufunga kwehunhu kugadzira mavambo ebhayoloji yave nzira itsva yekutsvagisa.Synthetic biology yakafanana nekusvetuka muruzivo rwemunhu.Senzvimbo yepakati peinjiniya, sainzi yekombuta, biology, nezvimwe, gore rekutanga rekugadzira biology rakaiswa se2000.
Muzvidzidzo zviviri zvakaburitswa gore rino, iyo pfungwa yedunhu dhizaini yebiologist yakawana kutonga kweiyo gene kutaura.
Masayendisiti epaBoston University akagadzira Gene toggle switch muE. coli.Iyi modhi inoshandisa chete maviri gene module.Nekugadzirisa zvekunze zvinokurudzira, gene expression inogona kuvhurwa kana kudzimwa.
Mugore rimwe chete, masayendisiti paPrinceton University akashandisa matatu gene modules kuti awane "oscillation" maitiro ekubuda muchiratidzo chedunhu kuburikidza nekushandisa kupindirana kwekudzivisa uye kusunungurwa kwekudzivirira pakati pavo.
Gene toggle switch diagram
Cell Workshop
Pamusangano ndakanzwa vanhu vachitaura nezve "artificial nyama."
Kutevera muenzaniso wekombuta wekombuta, iyo "inconference yega-yakarongeka musangano" yekutaurirana mahara, vamwe vanhu vanonwa doro uye kutaura: Ndezvipi zvakabudirira zvigadzirwa zviripo mu "Synthetic Biology"?Mumwe munhu akataura nezve "nyama yakagadzirwa" pasi peImpossible Food.
Impossible Food haina kumbobvira yazvidaidza kuti "synthetic biology" kambani, asi iyo yakakosha yekutengesa iyo inoisiyanisa kubva kune yekugadzira nyama zvigadzirwa-iyo hemoglobin inoita kuti nyama yemuriwo inhuve yakasarudzika "nyama" inobva kukambani iyi makore makumi maviri apfuura.Zvedzidziso dziri kubuda.
Iyo tekinoroji inobatanidzwa ndeyekushandisa nyore gene editing kubvumira mbiriso kuburitsa "hemoglobin."Kushandisa izwi rekuti synthetic biology, yeast inova "cell factory" inogadzira zvinhu zvinoenderana nezvido zvevanhu.
Chii chinoita kuti nyama iyi ive yakatsvuka uye ine hwema chaihwo painonaka?Impossible Food inoonekwa seyakapfuma "hemoglobin" munyama.Hemoglobin inowanikwa muzvikafu zvakasiyana siyana, asi zvirimo zvakanyanya kukwira mumamhasuru emhuka.
Nokudaro, hemoglobin yakasarudzwa nemuvambi wekambani uye biochemist Patrick O. Brown se "key condiment" yekufananidza nyama yemhuka.Achibvisa iyi "mwanzo" kubva muzvirimwa, Brown akasarudza soya bhinzi dzakapfuma muhemoglobin pamidzi yadzo.
Nzira yekugadzira yechinyakare inoda kutorwa kwakananga kwe "hemoglobin" kubva pamidzi yesoya.Imwe kilogiramu ye "hemoglobin" inoda mahekita matanhatu esoya.Kubvisa chirimwa kunodhura, uye Impossible Food yakagadzira nzira itsva: kudyara jini rinogona kuunganidza hemoglobin kuva mbiriso, uye mbiriso sezvainokura uye inodzokorora, hemoglobin ichakura.Kushandisa fananidzo, izvi zvakafanana nekurega hanzi kukandira mazai pachiyero cheutachiona.
Heme, iyo inotorwa kubva mumiti, inoshandiswa mu "artificial nyama" burgers
Tekinoroji nyowani dzinowedzera kugona kwekugadzira uku ichideredza zviwanikwa zvinodyiwa nekudyara.Sezvo iwo makuru ekugadzira zvinhu ari mbiriso, shuga, uye zvicherwa, hapana yakawanda makemikari tsvina.Kufunga nezvazvo, iyi ichokwadi tekinoroji "inoita kuti ramangwana rive nani".
Kana vanhu vachitaura nezve tekinoroji iyi, ndinonzwa kuti iyi ingori tekinoroji yakapusa.Mumeso avo, kune zvinhu zvakawanda zvakawandisa zvinogona kugadzirwa kubva pa genetic level nenzira iyi.Mapurasitiki anoparara, zvinonhuhwirira, mishonga mitsva nemishonga yekudzivirira zvipembenene, mishonga yezvipembenene zvezvirwere zvakasiyana, uye kunyangwe kushandiswa kwecarbon dioxide kugadzira starch… Ndakatanga kuva nefungidziro dzakasimba pamusoro pemikana inounzwa nebiotechnology.
Verenga, nyora, uye gadzirisa majini
DNA inotakura mashoko ose oupenyu kubva kumanyuko, uyewo ndiko kunobva zviuru zvezvinhu zvoupenyu.
Mazuva ano, vanhu vanogona kuverenga zviri nyore kutevedzana kweDNA uye kugadzira kutevedzana kweDNA zvinoenderana nemagadzirirwo.Pamusangano, ndakanzwa vanhu vachitaura nezve CRISPR tekinoroji iyo yakahwina 2020 Nobel Prize muChemistry kakawanda.Iyi tekinoroji, inodaidzwa kuti "Genetic Magic Scissor", inogona kunyatso tsvaga uye kucheka DNA, nekudaro ichiziva kugadzirisa kwemajini.
Kubva pane iyi gene editing tekinoroji, makambani mazhinji ekutanga akabuda.Vamwe vanoishandisa kugadzirisa kurapa kwemajini ezvirwere zvakaoma senge cancer uye genetic zvirwere, uye vamwe vanoishandisa kurima nhengo dzekutapurirana kwevanhu uye kuona zvirwere.
Tekinoroji yekugadziridza majini yakapinda mune zvekutengesa nekukurumidza zvekuti vanhu vanoona tarisiro huru yebiotechnology.Kubva pamaonero eruzivo rwebudiriro yebiotechnology pachayo, mushure mekuverenga, kuumbwa, uye kugadzirisa kwemajini kutevedzana kwakura, nhanho inotevera ndeyekugadzira kubva padanho remajini kugadzira zvinhu zvinosangana nevanhu.Synthetic biology tekinoroji inogona zvakare kunzwisiswa sedanho rinotevera mukuvandudzwa kweiyo gene tekinoroji.
Masayendisiti maviri Emmanuelle Charpentier naJennifer A. Doudna uye vakakunda 2020 Nobel Prize muChemistry yeCRISPR tekinoroji.
"Vanhu vakawanda vakabatikana netsanangudzo yezvinyorwa zvipenyu zvekugadzira ... Kudhumhana uku kwakaitika pakati peinjiniya nebiology. Ndinofunga kuti chero chinhu chinobva pane izvi chatanga kunzi synthetic biology."Tom Knight akadaro.
Kuwedzera chiyero chenguva, kubvira pakatanga nzanga yezvekurima, vanhu vakaongorora nekuchengetedza mhuka nechirimwa hunhu hwavanoda kuburikidza nekuberekesa nekusarudzwa kwenguva refu.Synthetic biology inotanga yakananga kubva kune genetic level kugadzira hunhu hunodiwa nevanhu.Parizvino, masayendisiti ashandisa tekinoroji yeCRSPR kurima mupunga murabhoritari.
Mumwe wevakaronga musangano uyu, Muvambi weQiji Lu Qi akataura muvhidhiyo yekutanga kuti biotechnology inogona kuunza shanduko dzakakura pasirese senge tekinoroji yeInternet yapfuura.Izvi zvinoratidzika kusimbisa kuti Internet CEOs vese vakaratidza kufarira hupenyu hwesainzi pavakasiya basa.
Internet bigwigs vese vari kuterera.Maitiro ebhizinesi esainzi yehupenyu pakupedzisira ari kuuya here?
Tom Knight (wokutanga kubva kuruboshwe) uye vamwe vana Ginkgo Bioworks vakatanga |Ginkgo Bioworks
Munguva yekudya kwemasikati, ndakanzwa chidimbu chenhau: Unilever yakataura munaGunyana 2 kuti ichaisa bhiriyoni imwe yemaeuro kuti ibvise mafuta ezvicherwa muzvigadzirwa zvakachena panosvika 2030.
Mukati memakore gumi, chinogezesa mbatya, poda yekuwachisa, uye sipo zvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa neProcter & Gamble zvishoma nezvishoma zvinotora zvigadzirwa zvechirimwa kana tekinoroji yekubata kabhoni.Kambani iyi yakaisawo parutivi imwe bhiriyoni imwe yemaeuro kuti igadzire homwe yekutsigira tsvakiridzo yebiotechnology, kabhoni dhaikisaidhi nemamwe matekinoroji ekuderedza kuburitswa kwekabhoni.
Vanhu vakandiudza nhau idzi, seni ndakanzwa nhau, vakashamiswa zvishoma panguva isingasviki makore gumi: Ko kutsvagisa tekinoroji nekusimudzira mukugadzirwa kwakawanda kuchazadzikiswa zvizere nekukurumidza kudaro?
Asi ndinovimba zvichaitika.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-31-2021